Pertinencia de la superación posgraduada en correspondencia con los problemas de salud en Villa Clara / Relevance of postgraduate improvement in correspondence with health problems in Villa Clara

Fundamento: en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara se ha diseñado e implementado una estrategia metodológica para lograr mayor relación de la superación profesional con el cuadro de salud. Objetivo: exponer los resultados de la superación profesional en correspondencia con los principales problemas de salud en Villa Clara. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal de la superación profesional vinculada al posgrado en el periodo 2017-2021. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y matemático-estadísticos; la información obtenida se presentó en tablas con valores absolutos y relativos. Resultados: del total de actividades planificadas, el 83,01 % respondieron a los problemas de salud de la provincia. Relacionado con las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles se efectuaron 542; tumores malignos, 179; Programa de Atención Materno Infantil, 1762; y Programa de Atención al Adulto Mayor, 198. Sobre otras enfermedades transmisibles, su mayor número estuvo en el 2019. En el 2020 predominaron las vinculadas a las arbovirosis y la pandemia de la COVID-19 cuando se capacitaron un total de 325 880 profesionales en el 2020 y 5839 en el 2021. Conclusiones: la superación posgraduada de los profesionales de la salud en Villa Clara se ha correspondido con los principales problemas de la salud del territorio en los años del 2017 al 2021 lo cual evidencia pertinencia y progreso en la continuidad de la formación académica del capital humano.

Background: at Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences, a methodological strategy has been designed and implemented to achieve a greater relationship between professional improvement and health status. Objective: to present the results of professional improvement in correspondence with the main health problems in Villa Clara. Methods: a descriptive study was carried out with a cross-sectional design of professional improvement linked to postgraduate studies from 2017 to 2021. Theoretical, empirical and mathematical-statistical methods were applied; the information obtained was presented in tables with absolute and relative values. Results: out of the whole activities, 83.01% responded to the health problems of the province. Related to chronic non-transmissible diseases, 542 were carried out; malignant tumors, 179; Maternal and Child Care Program, 1762; and the Elderly Care Program, 198. Regarding other transmissible diseases, the highest number was in 2019. In 2020, those linked to arboviruses and the COVID-19 pandemic predominated when a total of 325,880 professionals were trained in 2020 and 5839 in 2021. Conclusions: the postgraduate improvement of health professionals in Villa Clara has corresponded to the main health problems of the territory in the years from 2017 to 2021, which shows relevance and progress in the continuity of the academic training of human capital.

Material didáctico para el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa audio-oral en la educación médica de posgrado

Fundamento: El conocimiento del inglés como el idioma empleado globalmente en diversos sectores, se ha convertido, junto a las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, es una herramienta de formación, trabajo y entretenimiento indispensable; el dominio de este posibilita las relaciones de cooperación e intercambio de profesionales del sector de la salud en varios países. Objetivo: Diseñar un material didáctico para el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa audio-oral en inglés en estudiantes de posgrado de la carrera de Medicina, mediante el empleo de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación de desarrollo con enfoque mixto en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín durante el período marzo-julio de 2022. Se asumió el método dialéctico materialista como concepción general de la investigación y se emplearon otros del nivel teórico: histórico-lógico, análisis y síntesis e inducción deducción, sistémico-estructural-funcional y revisión documental; empíricos: encuesta, entrevista y observación participativa. Resultados: Las principales dificultades estuvieron relacionadas con el insuficiente tratamiento de la competencia comunicativa audio-oral en inglés, se constató la importancia de la misma dentro del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del inglés, pues establece las pautas generales que se deben seguir para una comunicación efectiva y se instituye desde una mirada holística del acto comunicativo del profesional. Conclusiones: Los especialistas valoraron el material como adecuado por su estructura y factibilidad para su implementación. Después de su aplicación se evidenció su efectividad en la consolidación del aprendizaje en este nivel educacional a través de la preparación idiomática.

Background: Knowledge of English as the language used globally in various sectors, has increasingly become, together with information and communications technologies, an indispensable training, work and entertainment tool in the current era. Its domain enables cooperation relations and exchange of professionals in the health sector in various countries. Objective: To design a didactic material for the development of audio-oral communicative competence in English in postgraduate medical students, through the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Methods: A development research with a mixed approach was carried out at the Holguín University of Medical Sciences during the period March-July 2022. It was assumed the dialectical materialist method as the general conception of the research and others of the theoretical level: historical- logical, analysis and synthesis and induction deduction, systemic-structural-functional and documentary review; empirical: survey, interview and participatory observation. Results: The main difficulties were related to an insufficient treatment of audio-oral communicative competence in English, it was confirmed its importance within the teaching-learning process of English, since it establishes the general guidelines that must be followed for an effective communication. Moreover, it is instituted from a holistic view of the professional communicative act. Conclusions: The specialists assessed the material as adequate due to its structure and feasibility for its implementation. After its application, it was evidenced its effectiveness in consolidating learning in this educational level through language training.

Understanding Clinical Competence: Understanding Student Assessment

The extent, purpose, and model of performance assessment should be guided by our understanding of clinical competence. We have come a long way from believing that competence is generic, fixed, and transferable across contents; to viewing competence as dynamic, incremental, contextual, and non-transferable. However, our pattern of assessment largely remains what it was many years ago. Contemporary educationists view competency assessment as different from traditional format. They place more emphasis on the role of expert subjective judgment, especially for performance and domain-independent competencies. Such assessments have conclusively shown their validity, reliability, and utility. They; however, require trained assessors, trust between the teachers and the taught, and above all, a political and administrative will for implementation.

Introduction and evaluation of “Peer-assisted learning” in department of physiology in first-year MBBS students in Muzaffarnagar Medical College, Muzaffarnagar

Background: Traditional lectures (using PowerPoint presentation or chalk and board) have become less effective, monotonous, and involve less student-teacher interaction. Introducing peer-assisted learning (PAL) may improve learning by increased student-teacher interaction, making interesting, and more effective for better student outcome, producing a competent Indian medical graduate. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to introduce PAL in 1st year MBBS students, to evaluate effectiveness of PAL both from Students and Teachers perspective, and to determine feasibility of PAL in a large batch of 150 students with limited teacher availability. Materials and Methods: Place of study is Muzaffarnagar medical college, Muzaffarnagar, UP. Study was conducted on 80, 1st phase MBBS students (2020 Batch) Ethical clearance from Institutional Ethics committee was obtained. A pre-test and a post-test of ten MCQs were given. Feedback from students and faculty members was also taken. Results: As post-test scores show a significant improvement Pal can be introduced as a TL method in MBBS students. Conclusion: Feedback from both the students and teachers show that a significant percentage agree that PAL is helpful in increasing knowledge, should be included in the teaching methodology in CBME curriculum, is feasible, can be included in internal assessment, and improve critical thinking skills.

Reflective writing as a learning tool for Phase II MBBS students in India

Background: Reflection is essential in training physicians mainly because it helps them to participate in collaborative teams, respond in unique and compassionate manner to clinical cases and situations and behave professionally and with empathy. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to observe the reflective writing ability of the Phase II MBBS students of the institute after a structured training and to obtain student feedback about the experience. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, observational study conducted at the Department of Pharmacology, of a Medical college. A total of 102 students were included in an interactive lecture on reflection writing. Over 3 weeks they were shown three different videos (two of them doctor patient/family member interactions and one a teacher student interaction). The students were asked to reflect about what they saw in the videos. Their reflection was under three heads - “what happened, what was your reaction, and what can be done next.” Their reflection was analyzed using a scoring system (score 1 no refection to score 6 with in depth reflection) by a single observer. Their feedback was obtained using a 5-point Likert scale. Results: Average scores of the students in the three reflection exercises were 2.85 ± 0.78, 2.98 ± 0.84, and 3.36 ± 0.57, respectively, showing improvement in reflection skills. Feedback from the students showed that most liked the experience and recommended for their peers. Conclusions: We concluded that 2nd year MBBS students, when taught the structure of a reflective exercise may be able to reflect better on their day to day experiences.

Cuidados paliativos: o ensino na graduação é suficiente para a atuação na atenção primária à saúde no Brasil / Palliative care: is undergraduate teaching sufficient for primary health care in Brazil? / Cuidados paliativos: ¿es suficiente la docencia de pregrado para la atención primaria de salud en Brasil?

Introdução: Espera-se que o aumento da carga de doenças crônicas e do envelhecimento populacional repercuta em crescente demanda por cuidados paliativos no país. Apesar disso, no Brasil ainda há um déficit no ensino da área, visto sobretudo na escassez de sua abordagem na graduação em Medicina, assim como em outras áreas da saúde. Esse cenário traduz-se em uma formação frágil dos profissionais da saúde, principalmente médicos, impactando o cuidado necessário a pacientes com condições clínicas potencialmente ameaçadoras da vida em todos os contextos, incluindo a atenção primária à saúde. Objetivos: Este estudo objetiva analisar o panorama de ensino de cuidados paliativos no Brasil e sua implicação na formação do médico generalista e na qualidade dos cuidados prestados na atenção primária à saúde. Também objetiva identificar competências necessárias para o ensino de cuidados paliativos na graduação de Medicina. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura nacional a respeito do ensino de cuidados paliativos nas escolas médicas do Brasil e suas implicações na adequação à prática na atenção primária à saúde. Resultados: Dos estudos analisados, todos ressaltam a importância da abordagem dos cuidados paliativos na formação de base profissional na graduação e revelam a existência de lacunas a serem supridas nessa área de ensino. Entre as lacunas foram identificadas baixa abordagem nas grades curriculares, metodologias de ensino não adequadas e pouca especialização dos docentes. Com base nisso, alguns estudos brasileiros construíram propostas curriculares baseadas em mapeamento de competências mínimas na tentativa de sanar essas lacunas, incluindo habilidades de comunicação e a atitude médica diante do processo de morte. Este artigo compila as principais competências para o ensino de cuidados paliativos na graduação encontradas para o contexto brasileiro. Conclusões: A fragilidade do ensino de cuidados paliativos na graduação médica resulta em médicos generalistas carentes de competências básicas para esse tipo de cuidado, o qual ocupa cada vez mais lugar de destaque no cotidiano da atenção primária à saúde. Essa fragilidade precisa ser urgentemente abordada a fim de se adequar às necessidades populacionais, particularmente no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), dado o quantitativo de médicos de família e comunidade aquém das necessidades da APS brasileira.

Introduction: It is expected that the increase in the burden of chronic diseases and population aging will result in a growing demand for palliative care in the country. Despite this, there is still a deficit in Brazil in the teaching of the area, seen above all in the scarcity of its approach in medical school, as well as in other areas of health. This scenario translates into a weak training of health professionals, especially physicians, impacting the necessary care of patients with potentially life-threatening clinical conditions in all contexts, including primary health care. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the overview of palliative care teaching in Brazil and its implication in the training of general practitioners and in the quality of care provided in primary health care. It also aimed to identify the necessary skills for teaching palliative care in medical school. Methods: This is an integrative review of the national literature on the teaching of palliative care in medical schools in Brazil and its implications for adapting to practice in primary health care. Results: Of the analyzed studies, all of them emphasized the importance of approaching palliative care in professional basic training in medical school and reveal the existence of gaps to be filled in this teaching area. Among the gaps identified were low approach in curriculum grids, inappropriate teaching methodologies and little specialization of instructors. From this, some Brazilian studies built curricular proposals based on mapping minimum skills in an attempt to remedy these gaps, including communication skills and the medical attitude towards the death process. This article compiles the main skills for teaching palliative care in medical school found for the Brazilian context. Conclusions: The weakness of teaching palliative care in medical school results in general practitioners lacking basic skills for this type of care, which occupies an increasingly prominent place in everyday primary health care. This weakness needs to be urgently addressed to adapt to the population's needs, particularly in SUS, because of the number of family and community physicians falling short of the needs of primary health care in Brazil.

Introducción: Se espera que el aumento de la carga de enfermedades crónicas y el envejecimiento poblacional se traduzcan en una creciente demanda de cuidados paliativos en el país. A pesar de eso, en Brasil todavía hay un déficit en la enseñanza del área, visto sobre todo en la escasez de su abordaje en la graduación médica, así como en otras áreas de la salud. Este escenario se traduce en una frágil formación de los profesionales de la salud, especialmente de los médicos, impactando en la atención necesaria a los pacientes con condiciones clínicas potencialmente mortales en todos los contextos, incluida la atención primaria de salud. Objetivos: Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el panorama de la enseñanza de cuidados paliativos en Brasil y su implicación en la formación de médicos generales y en la calidad de la atención prestada en la atención primaria de salud. También tiene como objetivo identificar las habilidades necesarias para la enseñanza de los cuidados paliativos en la graduación médica. Métodos: Estudio basado en una revisión integradora de la literatura nacional sobre la enseñanza de cuidados paliativos en las facultades de medicina de Brasil y sus implicaciones para la adaptación a la práctica en la atención primaria de salud. Resultados: De los estudios analizados, todos destacan la importancia del abordaje de los cuidados paliativos en la formación profesional a nivel de pregrado y revelan la existencia de vacíos a ser llenados en esta área de enseñanza. Entre los vacíos se identificaron bajo enfoque en las mallas curriculares, metodologías de enseñanza inadecuadas y poca especialización de los docentes. A partir de eso, algunos estudios brasileños construyeron propuestas curriculares basadas en el mapeo de competencias mínimas en un intento de remediar estas brechas, incluyendo las habilidades de comunicación y la actitud médica frente al proceso de muerte. Este artículo recopila las principales competencias para la enseñanza de cuidados paliativos en la graduación encontradas para el contexto brasileño. Conclusiones: La fragilidad de la enseñanza de los cuidados paliativos en la carrera de medicina hace que los médicos generales carezcan de las competencias básicas para este tipo de atención, que ocupa un lugar cada vez más destacado en el cotidiano de la atención primaria de salud. Esa fragilidad necesita ser atendida con urgencia para adaptarse a las necesidades de la población, particularmente en el SUS, debido a la cantidad de médicos familiares y comunitarios que no alcanzan las necesidades de la APS brasileña.

Analyses on employment of clinical medical students of eight-year program and its implications to talent cultivation / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To analyze employment status and its tendency of eight-year program clinical medical graduates and explore its implications to talent cultivation using employment data from a university in Beijing.Methods:Descriptive analysis was used in this study. Indicators that were analyzed included quantity of employment, employment rate, employment region and specialty.Results:Between 2009 and 2021, a total of 2 281 eight-year clinical medical students graduated in the university. Among them, 2 188 (96.0%) of them were employed in the year of graduation. On average, 90.8% (2 034/2 241) of them were employed by medical institutions although the percentage decreased over years. A majority of them chose to work in economically developed provinces of eastern China. Those chose to work in Beijing accounted for 78.7% (1 723/2 188), the highest percentage among all provinces. The top two specialties of choice were surgery and internal medicine, which respectively accounted for 33.0% (753/2 281) and 24.4% (557/2 281). Only a few of them chose to study some specialties that were challenged by a serious shortage of physicians, including pediatrics, mental diseases and mental health.Conclusion:Although the employment status of eight-year clinical medical graduates are good, it is still necessary to pay attention to the new tendency of employment, and further improve training scheme. Meanwhile, more guidance on choice of secondary specialties are needed to build a competent talent team for specialty development. Finally, education of curriculum iedology and politics should be strengthened to encourage them to work in specialties and remote provinces that face a serious shortage of physicians.

Fundamentos que sustentan la estrategia de superación profesional para la atención médica integral al trabajador / Fundamentals that support the strategy of professional improvement for the comprehensive medical attention to workers

Fundamento: los resultados científicos son los aportes que constituyen productos de la actividad investigativa en la cual se han utilizado procedimientos y métodos científicos; que permiten dar solución a problemas de la práctica o de la teoría. Objetivo: expresar los fundamentos que sustentan de forma teórica y práctica la estrategia de superación profesional para la atención médica integral a la salud del trabajador, en los consultorios médicos de familia del municipio de Santa Clara. Métodos: se realizó un estudio con enfoque cualitativo a partir del diseño de una investigación, de tipo cuasiexperimento en el municipio de Santa Clara, provincia de Villa Clara, en el período comprendido enero-mayo 2019. La información se obtuvo mediante el uso de los siguientes métodos del nivel teórico: analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, histórico-lógico y como empírico: guía para el análisis documental. Resultados: en la conformación de la estructura de la estrategia de superación profesional para la atención médica integral a la salud del trabajador se establecieron un grupo de fundamentos: filosóficos, sociológicos, psicológicos, pedagógicos y de las ciencias de la educación médica, los cuales les ofrecieron un carácter científico, coherencia y organización al producto diseñado. Conclusiones: los fundamentos que sustentan la mencionada estrategia como resultado científico se convirtieron en la base para su estructuración, y aportaron tanto en la teoría como en la práctica, un grupo de regularidades que enriquecen, de forma general, las ciencias de la educación médica.

Background: the scientific results are the contributions that constitute products of the researching activity in which scientific procedures and methods have been used; that allow to solve problems of practice or theory. Objective: to express the fundamentals that theoretically and practically support the professional improvement strategy for comprehensive medical care for worker's health, in family medical offices in the municipality of Santa Clara. Methods: a study with a qualitative approach was carried out based on the design of a quasi-experimental investigation in the municipality of Santa Clara, Villa Clara province, from January to May 2019. The information was obtained through the use of the following theoretical level methods: analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, historical-logical and empirical ones: guide for documentary analysis. Results: in the conformation of the structure of the strategy of professional improvement for the comprehensive medical attention to health workers, a group of foundations were established: philosophical, sociological, psychological, pedagogical and of the sciences of medical education, which they offered a scientific character, coherence and organization to the designed product. Conclusions: the foundations that support the aforementioned strategy as a scientific result became the basis for its structuring, and contributed, both in theory and in practice, a group of regularities that enrich, in a general way, the sciences of medical education.

Conocimientos de los residentes de Medicina General Integral sobre prevención y control de las arbovirosis / Comprehensive General Medicine residents: their knowledge about prevention and control of arboviruses

Fundamento: las arbovirosis son enfermedades víricas transmitidas por mosquitos, las que han propagado rápidamente en todas las regiones del mundo en los últimos años, con alta incidencia en la salud de las personas y en la economía de los países. Objetivo: identificar el nivel de conocimientos de los residentes de Medicina General Integral del municipio Abreus, sobre la prevención y control de las arbovirosis. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, en la Dirección Municipal de Salud Abreus, en octubre de 2021. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos y empíricos para fundamentar la investigación, y estadísticos para el análisis de los datos encontrados. Resultados: la mayoría de los residentes manifestaron que han tenido preparación sobre la prevención y control de las arbovirosis, fundamentalmente, durante la educación en el trabajo, todos han adquirido experiencia previa en la pesquisa activa, y algunos señalaron haber atendido a enfermos; sin embargo, la mayoría presentaron dificultades para identificar las formas clínicas y el cuadro clínico de las arbovirosis. Conclusiones: se identificó el nivel de conocimientos alcanzados por los residentes de Medicina General Integral del municipio Abreus, sobre la prevención y control de las arbovirosis, el diagnóstico realizado mostró la necesidad de asumir nuevas metodologías en la educación en el trabajo a fin de lograr correctos modos de actuación y actualización sobre su prevención y control.

Background: arboviruses are viral diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, which have spread rapidly in all regions of the world in recent years, with a high impact on people's health and the economies of countries. Objective: to identify the level of knowledge of Comprehensive General Medicine residents from the Abreus municipality, about the prevention and control of arboviruses. Methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out at the Abreus Municipal Health Directorate, in October 2021. Theoretical and empirical methods were used to support the research, and statistical methods were used to analyze the data found. Results: most residents stated that they have had training on the prevention and control of arboviruses, mainly, during on-the-job education, all have acquired previous experience in active search, and some of them indicated had taken care for sick people; however, most of them had difficulties in identifying the clinical forms and clinical profile of arboviruses. Conclusions: the level of knowledge achieved by Comprehensive General Medicine residents from Abreus municipality was identified, regarding the prevention and control of arboviruses, the diagnosis made by them showed the need to conceive new methodologies in education at work in order to achieve adequate modes of action and updating their knowledge about the prevention and control of it.

Videoconferencias para residentes de Histología en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Sancti Spíritus / Videoconferences to Histology residents at the Sancti Spíritus University of Medical Sciences

Fundamento: No se conoce cómo aceptan los residentes de Histología la inclusión de un sistema de videoconferencias sobre la estructura microscópica del cuerpo humano en su estrategia de autoaprendizaje. Objetivo: Explorar en profundidad la experiencia de los residentes de Histología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Sancti Spíritus que utilizaron un sistema de videoconferencias para su formación profesional. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo en el que se realizó una entrevista a profundidad con los especialistas y residentes de Histología que han utilizado el sistema de videoconferencias en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Sancti Spíritus. Se transcribieron las entrevistas, se codificaron y se seleccionaron los principales temas abordados. Resultados: Se entrevistaron 5 usuarios del sistema de videoconferencias; de la entrevista surgieron 5 temas: 1) Como los residentes insertan las videoconferencias en su estrategia de autoaprendizaje, 2) Preferencia de las videoconferencias sobre los libros de texto, 3) Aciertos y desaciertos de las videoconferencias, 4) ¿Qué aportan las videoconferencias a la formación del residente, ventajas y desventajas? y 5) Sugerencias para mejorar las videoconferencias. Conclusiones: Un sistema de videoconferencias sobre la estructura microscópica del cuerpo humano puede ocupar un papel protagónico en la estrategia de aprendizaje de residentes de Histología. La preferencia que muestran los residentes por las videoconferencias sobre otros medios didácticos puede estar asociada a la capacidad de la multimedia para disminuir la carga cognitiva y facilitar el aprendizaje cuando se siguen los principios de Mayer al elaborar estos medios. La presencia de imágenes digitales en estas videoconferencias fue clave para su aceptación.

Background: It is not known how Histology residents accept the inclusion of a videoconferencing system on the microscopic structure of the human body in their self-learning strategy. Objective: To explore to depth the experience of Histology residents at the Sancti Spíritus University of Medical Sciences who used a videoconferencing system for their professional training. Methodology: Qualitative study with in-depth interview was conducted with Histology specialists and residents who have used the videoconferencing system at the Sancti Spíritus University of Medical Sciences. The interviews were transcribed, coded and the main topics addressed were selected. Results: 5 users of the videoconferencing system were interviewed; 5 themes emerged from the interview: 1) How residents insert videoconferences into their self-learning strategy, 2) Preference for videoconferences over textbooks, 3) Successes and failures of videoconferences, 4) What do videoconferences contribute to the training of the resident, advantages and disadvantages?, 5) Suggestions to improve videoconferences. Conclusions: A videoconferencing system on the microscopic structure of the human body can play a leading role in the learning strategy of Histology residents. The preference shown by residents for videoconferencing over other teaching media may be associated with the ability of multimedia to reduce cognitive load and facilitate learning when Mayer's principles are followed to developing these media. The presence of digital images in these videoconferences was essential to their acceptance.

Efectividad de los Juegos educacionales en la formación del cirujano: una revisión de alcance

Introducción: La educación médica ha propiciado estrategias de enseñanza-aprendizaje que integran nuevas actividades pedagógicas y evaluativas acordes con el avance en el conocimiento. Los juegos educacionales (JE) surgen como una opción en pro del mejoramiento en los objetivos y resultados educacionales, con una utilidad potencial dentro del proceso formativo de los cirujanos. Hay investigaciones crecientes sobre el tema. Objetivo: evaluar de forma cualitativa el estado de la evidencia disponible sobre la efectividad de los JE como estrategia pedagógica en estudiantes de postgrado de cirugía general. Método: revisión de alcance de la literatura, según la metodología del Joanna Briggs Institute. Se evaluó el impacto educacional de los JE según la clasificación de Kirkpatrick. Resultados: la evidencia acerca de la utilidad los JE en la educación médica en cirugía es limitada. Existe una heterogeneidad de metodologías, procesos y resultados educativos producto de implementar JE como instrumento de evaluación o de instrucción. No obstante, es posible un impacto positivo de acuerdo con las investigaciones. No hay una evaluación de los alcances y el rol de los JE en la formación de los cirujanos. Conclusión: los JE se constituyen en una estrategia novedosa a considerar en la educación en cirugía general. Su implementación se condiciona a la construcción de una evidencia sólida, reproducible y basada en objetivos claros de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Sin embargo, la investigación en el tema es incipiente.

Summary Background: Medical education has fostered teaching-learning strategies that integrate new pedagogical and evaluative activities in accordance with the advancement in knowledge. Educational games (EG) emerge as an option for improving educational objectives and results, with potential utility within the training process of surgeons. There is growing research on the subject. Objective: To qualitatively evaluate the state of the available evidence on the efficacy of EG as a pedagogical strategy in general surgery postgraduate students. Method: Scoping review of the literature, according to the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute. The educational impact of the EG was evaluated according to the Kirkpatrick classification. Results: Evidence about the usefulness of EGs in medical education in surgery is limited. There is a heterogeneity of methodologies, processes and educational results resulting from implementing EG as an evaluation or instructional instrument. However, a positive impact is possible according to research. There is no evaluation of the scope and role of EBs in the training of surgeons. Conclusions: The EG constitute a novel strategy to consider in general surgery education. Its implementation is conditional on the construction of solid, reproducible evidence based on clear teaching-learning objectives. However, research on the subject is incipient.

Implementation of Competency-based Medical Education in Forensic Medicine and Toxicology in Indian Medical Education — A Viewpoint on Challenges and Way Forward

The changing disease burden, living conditions and anticipations of end-users in health care have resulted in the decision of regulatory bodies in the Indian medical education system to shift the MBBS curriculum from Traditional to Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME).The efforts taken by the National Medical Commission (NMC) erstwhile Medical Council of India (MCI) to successful implementation of the herculean task of shifting curriculum are praiseworthy. MCI initiated a National Faculty Development Programme (FDP) in 2009 in all medical colleges under its ambit.MCI started with five regional centres, which now expanded to 22 centres, out of which 12 are regional centres, and 10 are advanced nodal centres. Nearly 44932 faculties were trained till December 2018. Despite all the advantages of CBME & the efforts taken up by governing bodies, there are many challenges. Some are common for all subjects, but few are unique or specific to a subject. This article views the possible challenges and the way forward for the successful implementation of CBME in Forensic Medicine and Toxicology.

Becas para la formación de médicos especialistas académicos del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile / Academic residents fellowship program at the University of Chile Clinical Hospital

The mission of the University of Chile Clinical Hospital is to be the main University Hospital in the country. Along with training of health professionals in clinical practice and research, the Hospital provides comprehensive health solutions to the community. Since its foundation, it played an important role in the training of health professionals and specialists. To fulfill this mission, it is important to have outstanding academics and a system that allows their renewal and replacement. From January 25, 2001, the University of Chile approved the regulations that rule the Residents Program Fellowship, aimed to train the new generations of clinical academics. These regulations allow the financing of training programs in basic or primary specialties (such as internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, among others) or in specialties derived from them (such as cardiology, gastroenterology and reproductive medicine, among others.) The different clinical departments and the Hospital Direction define each year how many places will be offered and in which specialties. The Faculty of Medicine Graduate School carries out the formal selection of the applicants. This article reviews the results of this program between 2013 and 2021, analyzing in detail the traceability of each graduate over the years.

The Concept of Self-Directed Learning: Implications for Practice in the Undergraduate Curriculum

Self-directed learning (SDL) is a modality where learners are expected to take responsibility for their own learning, diagnose gaps in their learning, frame their own goals and resources for learning, implement appropriate learning strategies and evaluate learning outcomes. Flexibility and creativity in designing assignments for students to work individually or collaboratively are the keys to promoting SDL. The recent competency-based curriculum document from the National Medical Commission does not elaborate the concept or implementation of SDL, leaving it open to individual interpretation. We, herein, discuss the concept of SDL, address common misconceptions surrounding SDL, and elucidate strategies by which SDL skills can be inculcated in medical students using pre-existing opportunities in the curriculum. Flipped classrooms, reciprocal teaching, technology-enhanced methods, problem-based learning, and group projects are excellent ways of promoting SDL. SDL requires efforts and policies both at the teachers’ level and at the institutional level; and is an important input to achieve the goal of being a lifelong learner by the Indian medical graduate.

Factores psicosociales en residentes de especialidades médicas en Barranquilla. Dimensiones demandas de trabajo / Psychosocial factors in residents of medical specialties in Barranquilla. Work demands dimensions

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir los factores psicosociales en las dimensiones demandas de trabajo en los residentes de especialidades médicas en Barranquilla. Métodos Estudio cualitativo con metodología fenomenológica en residentes de especialidades médicas adscritos a una institución de educación superior en Barranquilla. Mediante entrevistas en profundidad se recogieron las experiencias, vivencias y consideraciones manifestadas en su vida cotidiana y en su salud mental, frente a las situaciones que afrontan a diario en su formación en el contexto laboral en medio de la ejecución de sus responsabilidades operativas. Resultados En el dominio de demandas de trabajo se concentraron las cinco dimensiones más sobresalientes, con 266 testimonios-demandas de autocontrol emocional; seguidos de 237 en la dimensión demandas cuantitativa; 165, en demandas de carga mental; 152, en demandas ambientales y de esfuerzo físico; y 142, en exigencias de responsabilidad del cargo. Conclusiones Es importante revisar las cargas de las demandas de trabajo a lo largo del curso de la residencia de las especialidades medico quirúrgicas para disminuir los riesgos psicosociales en el desempeño de sus funciones.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the psychosocial factors in the dimensions of work demands in the residents of medical specialties in Barranquilla. Methods A qualitative study with phenomenological methodology in residents of medical specialties assigned to an Institution of Higher Education in Barranquilla. Through the in-depth interviews, the experiences, experiences, and considerations manifested in their daily lives and mental health were collected, in the face of the situations, they face daily in their training in the work context amid the execution of their operational responsibilities. Results The five most outstanding dimensions were concentrated in the domain demands of work, with 266 testimonies demands of emotional self-control, followed by 237 in the dimension quantitative demands, 165 in demands of mental load, 152 in environmental demands and of physical effort, and 142 in demands of responsibility of the position. Conclusions It is important to review the burdens of work demands throughout the course of the residency of the medical-surgical specialties to reduce psychosocial risks in the performance of their functions.

Percepción del ambiente educacional de postgrado en residentes de especialidades médicas de universidades chilenas

Background: The Learning Environment (LE) influences the performance of students, learning, social life, mental health, and the future of work. Aim: To assess the learning environment (LE) among medical residents of 64 specialties. Material and Methods: Two validated instruments "Postgraduate Hospital Education Environment Measure" (PHEEM) and "Ambulatory Care Learning Educational Environment" (ACLEEM), and open questions were answered online by 1259 residents from 15 universities. A descriptive and analytical statistical analysis and semantic deductive-inductive analyses of open questions were performed. Results: LE was positive rather than negative (PHEEM of 100.5 points (79-116) and ACLEEM of 138.5 points (120-157)). An age over 32 years, male sex, studying in a private university, being in first year of residence and being in a non-surgical specialty were associated with a better PHEEM score (p < 0.05). For ACLEEM, the first year of specialty, a non-surgical specialty and studying in a private university were associated with better scores (p < 0.05). Two programs had excellent LE (Pathological Anatomy and Ophthalmology) and no specialty had a very poor performance or many problems. Aspects of teaching, clinical activities, and teachers were strengths reported by students. Aspects to improve were teaching, protected times and clinical activities. Conclusions: LE among medical specialties had more positive than negative features, but with areas that should be improved.

Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) Task Force Recommendations for Incorporating Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development (NC-ECD) in Medical Education in India

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends promotion of nurturing care for early childhood development (NCECD) by focusing on five essential components viz., good health, adequate nutrition, promotion of early childhood learning, responsive caregiving, and safety and security. Indian medical graduates and pediatricians are the keys to successful delivery and propagation of NC-ECD in the community. Their training therefore needs to include skills and knowledge needed to promote and practice ECD. Objective: To evaluate the existing undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) curricula of pediatrics for components related to early childhood development, assess gaps in the training essential to practice and promote ECD, and suggest recommendations to incorporate NC-ECD in the UG and PG curricula. Process: Indian Academy of Pediatrics created a task force to review the UG/PG medical curricula, consisting of experts from pediatrics and medical education. The task force deliberated on 20 March, 2021 and identified the gaps in current curricula and provided suggestions to strengthen it. The recommendations of the task force are presented here. Recommendations: Taskforce identified that the UG/PG medical curricula are lacking training for propagating early childhood learning, responsive caregiving, caregiver support, and ensuring safety and security of children. The taskforce provided a list of competencies related to ECD that need to be included in both UG and PG curriculum. NC-ECD should also be included in topics for integrated teaching. Postgraduates also need to be exposed to hands-on-training at anganwadis, creches, and in domestic setting.

How Difficult Is It To Implement A Competency-Based Medical Education In India: The Next Steps?

Background:Medical Council of India is in the revamping mode to align the medical curriculum to the emerging health care needs of the society, by introducing Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME). This new medical curriculum intends toimpartthecompetencies that are needed to produce medical graduates who would function efficiently as Physicians of first contact or basic doctorsin the community. The ECE program would enhance the knowledge, skills, and attitude of the medical graduates if it is implemented. We conducted this study to assess the challengescurrently facedby faculties for the implementation of this new curriculum.Material and Methodology:It is a cross-sectional study conducted at NC Medical College, Israna during the study period was July 2021 to November 2021. The study team regularly scrutinized the data collection process and met periodically to review the study conduct and computing of data. At the end of the study period, the consolidated data were analyzedusing IBM SPSS version 22.Result:A total of 50 teaching faculties, we acknowledged 48questionnairesthat were complete. 96% faculties showed positive and opportunistic be haviourtowards the new curriculum of CBME with constructive ideas but 4% faculties declined.Conclusion:CBME is theparadigm shift in the teaching and learning approach of medical education. Mostof the medical facultymembersare aware of the need and have attained a positive attitude for theapplication of CBME. However significant barriers do exist in the form of manpower, new time mapping and resources which need to be addressed.

Is objective structured practical examination a cutting-edge assessment tool over traditional practical examination to prepare future “Indian Medical Graduate?” A study from Department of Pathology at a Government Medical College in West Bengal

Background: With the continuous evolution of medical education, an appropriate assessment method is the need of the hour. Most unavoidable drawback of traditional practical examination (TPE) is its subjectivity, which can be overcome by newer methods such as objective Structured Practical Examination (OSPE). Hence, many studies have been conducted to reevaluate the efficiency of TPE and nowadays assessment of undergraduate students who are going to be Indian Medical Graduate (IMG) always remains the topic of debate. Aim and Objectives: The aim of our study is to compare OSPE and TPE by obtaining the feedback of examiner and examinee and also by the marks obtained by students. Materials and Methods: It was an analytical study with longitudinal design. The study was conducted after receiving approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Total 140 students were included in the study. In 2nd professional MBBS at third semester, two internal examinations were held in 2019, first one was TPE and the second one was based on OSPE. After the completion of OSPE, students’ and teachers’ opinion were collected by given pre-validated questionnaire. Results: There were significant (P =< 0.05) difference between mean score in OSPE (17.1) and TPE (14.26) among students. According to students, OSPE reduces examiner’s bias (84.2%), was less stressful than TPE (78.5%) and also fair and objective as compared to TPE (85%). According to teacher’s opinion, OSPE requires more time, demands critical thinking of students (77.7%), more objective and eliminates bias (94.4%), ensures uniformity (64.4%), but they opined that depth of knowledge cannot be assessed by OSPE (83.3%). Most of the students (93.5%) and teachers (77.7%) said that OSPE should be included in Pathology practical examination. Conclusion: In our study, both teachers and students have given feedback in favor of OSPE as an assessment tool in practical examination of undergraduate medical students. In our opinion, OSPE should be included as an assessment tool in 2nd year undergraduate pathology practical examination to prepare future IMG.

Reform in cultivation of medical graduate innovation ability / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This article elaborates how to facilitate the cultivation reform of medical graduate innovation ability from four perspectives: graduates, colleges or universities, supervisors and the society. Graduates should focus on studying high-quality academic papers, participate in various academic competitions, and actively apply for research projects; universities should innovate education philosophy, optimize curriculum system, create innovation-stimulating cultural atmosphere, establish quality supervision mechanism; supervisors should set a good example for their students, maintain a harmonious relationship with students, take the responsibility of fostering virtue though education and organize excellent supervisor team; and the society should support universities to realize "industry-education collaboration".